Comparison of occupational exposure limits of hexavalent chromium compounds in China and foreign workplaces / 中国职业医学

@#Objective To compare and analyze the occupational exposure limit（OEL）of hexavalent chromium compounds in China and foreign countries. Methods The OEL and background information of hexavalent chromium compounds released by nine official and unofficial organizations in seven countries/regions were collected and sorted. The classification，limit levels， formulation principles and compound characteristics labeling of OEL were compared. Results The OEL values published by nine organizations ranged from 0.000 02 to 0.050 00 mg/m3 . Among them，the limits of seven organizations（including China） did not clearly distinguish the soluble types of hexavalent chromium compounds；the limits of eight organizations（including China）were calculated in terms of chromium；seven organizations（including China）have only developed OEL for long-term exposure. The OEL of hexavalent chromium in China was 0.050 00 mg/m3 which is relatively loose. Its carcinogenicity label was consistent with international standards，its sensitization label was consistent with some countries，and its percutaneous absorption label had not been included in the characteristic labeling of limit values. Conclusion It is suggested that the OEL of hexavalent chromium in China should be revised timely，and the systemic adverse effects caused by percutaneous absorption of hexavalent chromium compounds should be focused on. At the same time，it is recommended to systematically adjust the management concepts and principles of all carcinogens.

Melittin suppresses growth and induces apoptosis of non-small-cell lung cancer cells via down-regulation of TGF-ß-mediated ERK signal pathway

The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-cancer effect of melittin on growth, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. This study also explored the potential anti-cancer mechanism of melittin in NSCLC cells. The results demonstrated that melittin suppressed growth, migration, and invasion, and induced apoptosis of NSCLC cells in vitro. Melittin increased pro-apoptotic caspase-3 and Apaf-1 gene expression. Melittin inhibited tumor growth factor (TGF)-β expression and phosphorylated ERK/total ERK (pERK/tERK) in NSCLC cells. However, TGF-β overexpression (pTGF-β) abolished melittin-decreased TGF-β expression and pERK/tERK in NSCLC cells. Treatment with melittin suppressed tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival during the 120-day observation in vivo. Treatment with melittin increased TUNEL-positive cells and decreased expression levels of TGF-β and ERK in tumor tissue compared to the control group. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicated that melittin inhibited growth, migration, and invasion, and induced apoptosis of NSCLC cells through down-regulation of TGF-β-mediated ERK signaling pathway, suggesting melittin may be a promising anti-cancer agent for NSCLC therapy.

Occupational health risk assessment of dust in cement production enterprises / 预防医学

Objective@#To evaluate the occupational health risk of key posts exposed to cement dust in four cement production enterprises, and to provide reference for cement pneumoconiosis prevention and control. @*Methods@#Four Chinese typical cement enterprises and key posts exposed to cement dust were selected to carry out occupational health investigation and detection, and three risk assessment methods were used to assess their occupational health risk levels, including semi-quantitative comprehensive index method, semi-quantitative contact ratio method and risk rating method of International Mining and Metal Commission ( ICMM ). Meanwhile, the differences and consistencies among different assessment methods were compared. @*Results@#Dust free silica content ranged from ( 4.70±2.01 ) % to ( 5.63±2.48 ) %,and the total and respirable dust concentrations exposed by bagged cement loaders and cement baggers exceeded Chinese permissible concentration-time weighted average（ PC-TWA ）. The results of semi-quantitative comprehensive index method showed that all the types of work were at high risk of total and respirable dust, while the results of the other two assessment methods showed that bagged cement loaders and cement baggers were at a extremely high or intolerable risk. There were no significant differences among three risk assessment methods whether in terms of total dust or respirable dust ( P>0.05 ). ICMM risk rating method and contact ratio method showed highly positive correlation in term of respirable dust ( rs=0.894, P=0.016 ), but not in term of total dust ( rs=0.733, P=0.097 ). However, the correlations of comprehensive index method with the other two methods were unable to conduct.@*Conclusion@#Bagged cement loaders and cement baggers are at high occupational health risk levels. Moreover, semi-quantitative contact ratio method and ICMM risk rating method have high positive correlation in term of respirable dust, the applicability of comprehensive index method still needs further study.

Feasibility of visfatin as a molecular marker of breast cancer / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the value of visfatin in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors and the feasibility of visfatin as a molecular marker of breast cancer.Methods:A total of 195 breast cancer patients hospitalized in the Cancer Hospital of The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences from December 2017 to July 2018 were selected as the breast cancer group, all of them were women. 80 patients with benign breast diseases in the same period were randomly selected as the breast benign disease group, all of them were women. 80 female employees with normal physical examination in the same year were selected as the normal control group. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the serum level of visfatin. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between visfatin and clinicopathological features of breast cancer. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to get area under curve (AUC) value, and the diagnostic efficacy was analyzed.Results:The serum visfatin level in breast cancer group was significantly higher than that in benign breast disease group and normal control group ( P<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that the serum visfatin level was related to lymph node metastasis, tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage and body mass index (BMI) (all P<0.05). The serum visfatin level was positively correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis of breast cancer patients ( r=0.336, P=0.043; r=0.632, P=0.027, respectively). Multivariate regression analysis showed that lymph node metastasis was a risk factor for serum visfatin [ OR=1.098, 95% CI(1.073, 1.226), P=0.02]. According to the ROC curve of serum visfatin level in benign breast disease group and normal group, the AUC of serum visfatin were 0.652 and 0.701, respectively. When the Youden index was the highest, the sensitivity was 52.30% and 55.90% respectively, and the specificity was 73.10% and 75.0% respectively. Conclusions:Serum visfatin level can be used to distinguish benign and malignant breast cancer patients. It has a certain clinical value in the auxiliary diagnosis of breast cancer, and may be used as a potential molecular marker of breast cancer.

Protective Effect of Modified Qiju Dihuang Pills on Renal Function of Patients with Early Renal Impairment / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To observe the efficacy of modified Qiju Dihuang pills in protecting renal function of patients with early renal impairment with syndrome of Yin deficiency and Yang hyperactivity caused by hypertension and its effect in resisting inflammation and oxidative stress, and improving endothelial function. Method::Randomly divided into control group (59 cases) and observation group (60 cases) by random number table. Patients in control got valsartan capsules, 80 mg/time, 1 time/day. And patients whose blood pressure can't be controlled were added with nifedipine tablets, 10 mg/time, 1 time/day. In addition to the therapy of control group, patients in observation group were added with modified Qiju Dihuang pills, 1 dose/day. The control group took Qiju Dihuang pills.The courses of treatment were 16 weeks. And levels of cystatin C (CysC), urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG), β2 microglobulin (β2-MG), urinary microalbumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) and emodynamics of kidney were detected. Blood pressure, systolic pressure (SBP), diastolic pressure (DBP) and blood pressure renal artery resistance index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) were recorded, and Yin deficiency and Yang hyperactivity were scored. Levels of nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1 (ET-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin (ADPN) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) were detected. Result::The total effective rate in observation group was 91.67%(55/60), which was higher than 76.27%(45/59) in control group (χ2=5.255, P<0.05). Levels of SBP and DBP were lower than those in control group (P<0.05). At the 16th week during the treatment, the compliance rate of blood pressure was 90.66%, which was higher than 84.13% in control group (χ2=127.65, P<0.01). And levels of CysC, β2-MG, NAG, UACR, RI, PI, ET-1, SOD, GSH-Px, IL-6, NF-κB and TNF-α were lower than those in control group (P<0.01), while levels of NO, SOD and GSH-Px were higher than those in control group (P<0.01). Conclusion::In addition to the therapy for controlling blood pressure with routine western medicine, modified Qiju Dihuang pills can reduce level of the blood pressure, and control blood pressure with the standard, with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects. It can also improve the vasomotor function and the flow of kidney, protect the kidney function, and reduce the degree of injury, so as to delay the process of kidney damage and improve the prognosis.

Therapeutic Effect and Mechanism of Tongnao Pills in Treating Senile Posterior Circulation Ischemic Vertigo with Phlegm and Blood Stasis Type / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To explore the curative effect and mechanism of Tongnao pill in the treatment of senile posterior circulation ischemic vertigo with phlegm and blood stasis type. Method:The 80 elderly patients with posterior circulation ischemic vertigo (phlegm and blood stasis type) admitted to Gansu Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected as the research subjects and were randomly divided into two groups according to the hospital admission number. Those with odd numbers were classified into control group and those with even numbers were classified into observation group, with 40 cases in each group. All of the patients in both groups were given basic treatment, and the patients in control group additionally received intravenous infusion of vinpocetine on the basis of basic treatment, while the patients in observation group additionally received Tongnao pill on the basis of the treatment in control group. The clinical efficacy, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome score, European Evaluation of Vertigo(EEV) score, dizziness handicap inventory-screening (DHI-S) score, vertebral basilar artery average blood flow velocity(Vm) and pulsatility index(PI), hemodynamic changes[mean arterial pressure(MAP), central venous pressure(CVP), right atrial pressure (RAP), left atrial pressure(LAP), cardiac output(CO), cardiac stroke volume(SV)], changes in blood viscosity and blood lipid levels，symptom disappearance time, and safety of the two groups were compared. Result:The total effective rate in the observation group was 95.00% (38/40), significantly higher than 75.00% (30/40) in the control group (χ2=4.804, P<0.05). After treatment, the symptoms were significantly improved in both groups (P<0.05), and the scores of dizziness, nausea and vomiting, tinnitus and deafness, tiredness and fatigue in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05), the EEV and DHI-S scores were decreased significantly in both groups(P<0.05), and such scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group(P<0.05), the Vm of bilateral vertebral artery (VA) and basilar artery (BA) on both sides were significantly increased in both groups, while the PI was significantly reduced (P<0.05), and these two indicators in the observation group were better than those in the control group (P<0.05), the MAP, CVP, RAP and LAP were significantly reduced in both groups after treatment, while the CO and SV were increased after treatment(P<0.05), and the SV of the observation group was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.05). The high blood viscosity, low blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and TG, TC, LDL-C levels were decreased significantly while HDL-C increased significantly in both groups (P<0.05), and the blood viscosity and blood lipid levels in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group(P<0.05). The time to disappearance of dizziness, nausea, vomiting, tinnitus and deafness, malaise, fatigue, and confused mind in observation group was less than that in the control group (P<0.05), no serious adverse events occurred in both groups. Conclusion:Tongnao pills for the treatment of senile posterior circulation ischemic vertigo (phlegm and blood stasis type) can significantly alleviate the symptoms of vertigo, improve hemorrheology, increase the blood flow velocity of the vertebrobasilar artery, improve the abnormal blood supply to the brain, and improve the quality of life for patients, with fewer adverse reactions, high safety, and good therapeutic effect. Therefore, it is worth to be applied in clinical use.

Nosocomial infection control strategy in cabin hospitals during the epidemic of COVID-19 / 中华医院管理杂志

Large cabin hospitals prove a vital role in " admitting all" of the COVID-19 patients with mild symptoms in the overall measures against the epidemic.For such hospitals, nosocomial infection management to prevent epidemic spreading is a prerequisite and guarantee. The authors studied the operation processes of Dongxihu cabin hospital in Wuhan, and probed into such aspects as personal protection, environmental sanitation management, item management, occupational exposure disposal, and discharged patient management. The paper also analyzed common and critical problems in operation, for references to other cabin hospitals or makeshift treatment facilities.

Nosocomial infection control strategy in cabin hospital during the outbreak of COVID-19 / 中华医院管理杂志

The construction of mobile Cabin hospitals is a pioneering effort for the prevention and controlling of the patients with mild symptoms during the outbreak epidemic of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia. It is a prerequisite and important guarantee for the hospital to manage the hospital infection and prevent the spreading of the epidemic. Our team is located in Dongxihu mobile Cabin hospital, which is one of the first three Cabin hospitals in Wuhan. This article takes the operation process of this hospital as a clue, and discusses aspects of personal protection, environmental sanitation management, item management, occupational exposure disposal, and discharged patient management. It also analyzed common and critical problems in operation. With a view to provide reference for other Cabin hospitals or temporary treatment agencies.

Role of human βdefensin 2 on preventing oxidized low-density lipoprotein induced monocyte foaming / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To clarify the role of human β-defensin2 ( hBD2) on preventing oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) induced human leukemic monocyte (THP-1) foaming.Methods The monocyte foaming model was established using THP-1 cell induced by OX-LDL and the model was identified by oil red staining.The hBD2 was overexpressed on THP-1 cells by using lentivirus system and the effect of hBD 2 overexpression on THP-1 cell foaming induced by OX-LDL was detected.The levels of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1βand IL-6 in cell supernatant of each group were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA).Differences between the groups were compared by using the t test.Results The gene transfection efficiency of the cells was close to 100%at 72 h after infection. The hBD2 protein levels were 0.122 ±0.024 in the control group, 0.123 ±0.022 in Lv-control infection group and 0.981 ±0.183 in Lv-hBD2 infection group; and the level in control group was statistically higher than that in hBD-2 infection group (t＝-3.175, P＝0.007).The relative levels of hBD2 mRNA at 72 h after virus infection were 0.131 ±0.021 in control group, 0.128 ±0.022 in Lv-control group and 1.001 ±0.105 in Lv-hBD2 infection group; and the level in control group was statistically higher than that in hBD-2 infection group (t＝-7.213, P＝0.003).The results of oil red staining showed that OX-LDL inducing THP-1 cells for 72 h could significantly induce lipid accumulation in cells.Overexpression of hBD2 could effectively inhibit lipid accumulation in THP-1 cells induced by OX-LDL.The expression of hBD2 mRNA in THP-1 group was significantly higher than that in THP-1+OX-LDL group (t＝3.237, P＝0.004); and the difference was also significant when comparing THP-1+Lv-hBD2+OX-LDL group with THP-1+OX-LDL group (t＝-6.021, P＝0.003).The level of hBD2 protein in THP-1 group was significantly higher than that in THP-1+OX-LDL group (t＝0.314, P＝0.006); and the difference was also significant when comparing THP-1+Lv-hBD2+OX-LDL group with THP-1+OX-LDL group (t＝-4.061,P＝0.007).The levels of TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 in the supernatant of THP-1 cells induced by OX-LDL for 72 h were significantly increased compared with those in THP-1group (t＝-3.825,-2.017 and -3.551, respectively; P＝0.007, 0.004 and 0.005, respectively). The levels of TNF-α, IL-1βand IL-6 in THP-1+Lv-hBD2+OX-LDL group were significantly lower than those in THP-1+OX-LDL group ( t＝4.132, 3.681, and 2.991, respectively; P＝0.003, 0.002, and 0.007, respectively).Conclusions hBD2 can effectively inhibit THP-1 foaming induced by OX-LDL, which may be related to its inhibition of inflammatory response.

Chinese medicinal compound CFF-1 induces the apoptosis and cycle-arrest of prostate cancer cells via the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To explore the apoptosis-inducing effect of the Chinese medicinal compound CFF-1 on prostate cancer cells and its related molecular mechanisms.@*METHODS@#Normal prostate WPMY-1 cells and prostate cancer LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, PC3 and DU145 cells were treated in dehydrated alcohol with CFF-1 at 0, 2, 5, or 10 mg/ml for 24 hours. Then the viability of the prostate cells was detected by morphological observation, MTT and CCK-8 assay, nuclear condensation and disruption measured by DAPI staining, the cell cycle and apoptosis calculated by flow cytometry, the activity of the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway and the expressions of its downstream apoptosis- and cycle-related proteins determined by Western blot.@*RESULTS@#CFF-1 significantly arrested the cell cycle in the G1 phase, decreased the cell viability and increased the nuclear condensation and disruption in a dose-dependent manner, and elevated the apoptosis rate of prostate cancer cells. At the molecular level, CFF-1 dose-dependently reduced the activity of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and phosphorylation of the FOXO1 protein, increased the transcription activity of FOXO1, and eventually regulated the expressions of cell apoptosis- and cycle-related genes.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The Chinese medicinal compound CFF-1 can significantly inhibit the growth, arrest the cycle, and induce the apoptosis of prostate cancer cells by decreasing the activity of the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway, which suggests its potential clinical application value in the treatment of prostate cancer.

Clinical efficacy of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine for castration-resistant prostate cancer / 中华男科学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the clinical effects of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC).@*METHODS@#A total of 54 CRPC patients were randomly divided into a control and a trial group, all treated by endocrine therapy (oral Bicalutamide at 50 mg per d plus subcutaneous injection of Goserelin at 3.6 mg once every 4 wk) and chemotherapy (intravenous injection of Docetaxel at 75 mg/m2 once every 3 wk plus oral Prednisone at 5 mg bid), while the latter group by Fuyang Huayu Prescription (a Traditional Chinese Medicine ［TCM］ prescription for tonifying yang and dispersing blood stasis) in addition, for a course of 24 weeks. Comparisons were made between the two groups of patients in the level of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA), Karnofsky physical condition scores, function assessment of cancer therapy-prostate (FACT-P) scores, and TCM symptoms scores before and after 12 or 24 weeks of treatment.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the baseline, the serum PSA level was significantly decreased after 12 weeks of treatment both in the control (［25.9 ± 39.3］ vs ［20.0 ± 21.1］ μg/L, P 0.05). At 24 weeks, however, the PSA levels in the control and trial groups were slightly increased to (23.1 ± 28.4) and (19.6 ± 23.5) μg/L, respectively, with no statistically significant differences in between (P >0.05). Karnofsky, FACT-P and TCM symptoms scores were all markedly improved in the trial group after 12 weeks of treatment (P 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#TCM Fuyang Huayu Prescription combined with endocrine therapy and chemotherapy is effective for CRPC.

Clinical Study on Tolvaptan in the Treatment of Diuretic-resistant Heart Failure Patients / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate clinical effect and safety of tolvalptan in the treatment of diuretic-resistant heart failure. METHODS:The clinical data of 21 inpatients with diuretic-resistant heart failure in cardiology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University during Jan. 2014-Aug. 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.The heart failure improvement of 21 patients was not obvious after the treatment of a large dose of loop diuretics(furosemide and/or torasemide),and then the treatment was changed into tovalptan. Among them,19 patients were treated with Tovalptan tablets 7.5 mg orally,qd,and 2 pa-tients were treated with Tovalptan tablets 15 mg orally,qd,continuously until the patients discharged. The cardiac function,ede-ma,outcome and body weight,blood pressure,blood sodium,blood creatinine and blood NT-proBNP levels,the change of urine volume per unit time were compared among 21 patients before and after treatment. The occurrence of ADR was observed. RE-SULTS:After treatment,cardiac function of 21 patients were improved significantly,edema and systolic blood pressure were de-creased significantly while blood sodium and urine volume per unit time were increased significantly,with statistical significance (P<0.05).There was no statistical significance in body weight,diastolic blood pressure,blood creatinine or blood NT-proBNP lev-els before and after treatment(P>0.05).Among 21 patients,one patient suffered from dry mouth;systolic blood pressure of 3 pa-tients decreased by 20 mmHg or above,compared to basic value;diastolic blood pressure of 4 patients decreased by 10 mmHg or above,compared to basic value. CONCLUSIONS:For diuretic-resistant patients,tolvaptan can increase urine volume,improve cardiac function and correct hyponatremia,besides it also lowers the systolic blood pressure.

Impacts of the regional cooperative chest pain center on the therapeutic time and the short term outcome of patients with ST segment elevated myocardial infarction / 中国介入心脏病学杂志

Objective To investigate the impact of the regional cooperative chest pain center (CPC) on therapeutic time and short term outcome after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of patients with ST segment elevated myocardial infarction.Methods 372 patients with ST segment elevated myocardial infarction were enrolled in the study who had received were operated primary PCI 18 months before and after the regional cooperative CPC was set up.There were 156 patients in the green channel group before the setup of CPC and 216 patients in the CPC group.Total ischemia time,first medical contact (FMC) time,FML-to-balloon (FMC2B) time,door-to-balloon (D2B) time,hospital mortality rates,cardiac failure rates on the next day after PCI,length of CCU stays and hospital stays were compared between the two groups.Results Compared to the green channel group,total ischemia time[(281.0±102.7)min vs.(365.2±115.6)min,P＜0.05],FMC time [(174.3±97.5) min vs.(225.4±104.6) min,P＜0.05],FMC2B time [(106.7±61.2) min vs.(139.8±75.7) min,P＜0.05] and D2B time [(75.2±45.4) min vs.(102.4±53.7) min,P＜0.05] of the CPC group were significant shorter.The rates of reaching the standard of FMC2B time (70.83％ vs.34.62％,P＜0.001) and D2B time (75.93％ vs.40.38％,P＜0.001)were significantly higher in the CPC group.Cardiac failure rates on the next day after PCI was lower in the CPC group (14.35％ vs.23.72％,P=0.021),and CCU stays was shorter [(64.3±13.72)h vs.(92.6±15.65)h,P=0.043].Conclusions Establishment of a standardized regional cooperative CPC requires combination and consideration of the characteristics of local resources FMC2B time and D2B time of STEMI patients can be shorten by a standardized CPC lending to further shortening of total ischemia time and improvement in cardiac function.

Clinical Study on Tolvaptan in the Treatment of Diuretic-resistant Heart Failure Patients / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate clinical effect and safety of tolvalptan in the treatment of diuretic-resistant heart failure. METHODS:The clinical data of 21 inpatients with diuretic-resistant heart failure in cardiology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University during Jan. 2014-Aug. 2016 were analyzed retrospectively.The heart failure improvement of 21 patients was not obvious after the treatment of a large dose of loop diuretics(furosemide and/or torasemide),and then the treatment was changed into tovalptan. Among them,19 patients were treated with Tovalptan tablets 7.5 mg orally,qd,and 2 pa-tients were treated with Tovalptan tablets 15 mg orally,qd,continuously until the patients discharged. The cardiac function,ede-ma,outcome and body weight,blood pressure,blood sodium,blood creatinine and blood NT-proBNP levels,the change of urine volume per unit time were compared among 21 patients before and after treatment. The occurrence of ADR was observed. RE-SULTS:After treatment,cardiac function of 21 patients were improved significantly,edema and systolic blood pressure were de-creased significantly while blood sodium and urine volume per unit time were increased significantly,with statistical significance (P<0.05).There was no statistical significance in body weight,diastolic blood pressure,blood creatinine or blood NT-proBNP lev-els before and after treatment(P>0.05).Among 21 patients,one patient suffered from dry mouth;systolic blood pressure of 3 pa-tients decreased by 20 mmHg or above,compared to basic value;diastolic blood pressure of 4 patients decreased by 10 mmHg or above,compared to basic value. CONCLUSIONS:For diuretic-resistant patients,tolvaptan can increase urine volume,improve cardiac function and correct hyponatremia,besides it also lowers the systolic blood pressure.

Effects of HSP70 inhibitor on expression of iNOS induced by IFN-γ / 中国药理学通报

Aim To research the effects of HSP70 in-hibitor ( PFTμ) on the expressions of iNOS induced by IFN-γ in RAW 264. 7 cells. Methods The NO con-centration was measured by Griess Kit. The expression of interest protein was measured by Western blot and iNOS mRNA was measured by RT-PCR. Mouse cardi-ac ischemia-reperfusion ( I/R ) model was established to set up the inflammatory response. These were divid-ed into control and treated groups. The infarct size was monitored on myocardial I/R mice. Results We found that PFTμsignificantly blocked the production of NO and the expression of iNOS protein and mRNA in RAW 264. 7 cells. The mechanism may be part of the inhibition of nuclear IRF-1 protein expression. We also found that PFTμ reduced the infarct size in myocardial I/R mice ( P <0. 05 ) . Conclusion These results suggest that PFTμ down-regulates the IFN-γ-induced iNOS transcription through decreasing translocated IRF-1 protein.

Effect ofβ-defensin 2 gene silencing on the inflammatory response induced by Haemophilus influenzae type B combined vaccine immunization in rats / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of β‐defensin 2 (rBD‐2 ) silencing on the inflammatory response induced by Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine immunization in rats .Methods A total of 144 SPF Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into four groups .Group 1 were immunized with Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine .Group 2 were immunized with Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine and administered with lentivirus Lv‐shRNA‐rBD‐2 by intratracheal instillation .Group 3 were administered with the lentivirus Lv‐shRNA‐rBD‐2 by intratracheal instillation .Group 4 were blank controls .Each group was set with 12 rats . The serum was collected at 12 ,24 and 72 hours after immunization ,and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α,interleukine (IL)‐1β and IL‐10 were assessed by enzyme‐linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA ) .Expression levels of rBD‐2 in lung tissues of rats were measured by western blotting . Results The recombinant virus was successfully produced by a lipofectmaine transfection method .At 12 ,24 ,and 72 h of immunization ,serum levels of TNF‐αof rats in group 1 were (82 .0 ± 8 .0) ,(155 .0 ± 18 .2) ,and (272 .0 ± 32 .5) pg/mL ,respectively ,which were all higher than those in group 4 ([55 .0 ± 6 .2] ,[52 .0 ± 5 .8] ,and [56 .0 ± 4 .8] pg/mL ,respectively ;t=16 .034 ,P=0 .043 ;t=12 .411 ,P=0 .035 ;t=10 .530 ,P=0 .018 ,respectively) .Serum levels of TNF‐αat 12 ,24 ,and 72 h of immunization in group 2 were (66 .0 ± 8 .2) ,(90 .0 ± 12 .6) ,and (108 .0 ± 13 .6) pg/mL ,respectively ,which were all significantly lower than group 1 (t=12 .115 ,P=0 .039 ;t=12 .830 , P=0 .033 ;t=15 .522 ,P=0 .012 ,respectively) .At each time point ,serum levels of IL‐1βand IL‐10 in group 1 were all significantly higher than those in group 4 (IL‐1β:t=18 .032 , P=0 .048 ;t=15 .824 , P=0 .039 ;t=13 .518 , P=0 .021 ,respectively ;IL‐10 :t=15 .410 , P=0 .045 ;t=14 .294 , P=0 .032 ;t=13 .375 ,P=0 .013 ,respectively) .Serum levels of IL‐1βand IL‐10 at each time points in group 2 were all significantly lower than those in group 1 (IL‐1β:t=19 .012 , P=0 .043;t=16 .991 , P=0 .034;t=14 .862 , P=0 .027 ,respectively ;IL‐10 :t=15 .134 , P=0 .048 ;t=15 .264 , P=0 .036 ;t=11 .408 , P=0 .024 ,respectively) .Seventy‐two hours after immunization of SD rats ,the relative content of rBD‐2 protein in lung tissue of rats significantly increased .Protein level in group 1 was significantly higher than that in group 4 (t=10 .582 ,P=0 .035) ,while protein level in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 1 (t=13 .250 ,P=0 .027) .Conclusions rBD‐2 gene silencing can improve the inflammatory response induced by Haemophilus inf luenzae type B combined vaccine in rats.

Investigation of the types of medical insurance and the key cardiovascular diseases among the resi-dents in Tongnan, Chongqing City / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To provide possible evidences for the medical reform by analyzing the survey data of medical insurance and key cardiovascular diseases among rural residents in Tongnan, Chongqing City. Methods The survey data, collected in Tongnan, Chongqing from Chinese important cardiovascular disease prevalence survey and key technology research which was a multi-stage stratified random sampling questionnaire survey research, was selected to discover the status of medical insurance, cardiovascular dis-eases and medical care among local residents through inputting the data by the Excel 2007 software and through generally descriptively analyzing the data by SPSS 17.0 statistical software. Results Of 1 035 resi-dents, male 534, female 501, total average age was (61.25 ±13.74) years old, the coverage rate of new rural cooper-ative medical insurance was 93.91% and commercial medical insurance was 0.39%; the total morbidity rate of hypertension or diabetes and both was 26.67% (276 patients). Within one year, 94.57%of the 276 patients were not hospitalized but were covered by the medical care and were followed up in the primary health institutions. And only the rest 15 ones (5.43%) were under hospitalization, among which 7 were in primary, 5 were in secondary and 3 were in tertiary medical care institutions; the average hospital-ization frequency was 2.93 times in one year and 6.53 days for each time. The average hospitalization cost was 4 362 yuan each time for each patient after insurance reimbursement. Conclusion It was recommended to continue to implement the new rural cooperative medical insurance in rural areas, to promote the commer-cial medical insurance appropriately, to set up and carry out the hierarchical medical system and the first medical care in community, to adjust medical insurance reimbursement proportions and patterns, to strengthen the cultivation of general practitioners, to establish hospital supports and dual referral system.

Efficacy comparison of 3 rivaroxaban regimen in patients with venous thromboembolism / 中华心血管病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To compare the efficacy and safety of 3 rivaroxaban regimen in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This is a retrospective study. Thirty three inpatients with VTE received rivaroxaban were divided into 3 groups, in which 16 patients were treated with 15 mg rivaroxaban twice daily for 21 days then followed by 20 mg once per day till 3 months (group 1), 9 patients were treated with 20 mg rivaroxaban once daily for 3 months (group 2), 8 patients were treated with 10 mg rivaroxaban once daily for 3 months. The reduction rate of D-Dimer on the third therapy day, the duration of D-Dimer normalization and hospital stay as well as symptom remission, the imaging assessment results after three months treatment, rate of recurrent VTE, bleeding, liver and kidney function were compared among the 3 groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The reduction rates of D-Dimer on the third therapy day were significantly higher ((46.12 ± 15.42) % vs. (26.59 ± 8.11) % and (25.55 ± 14.00) %, P = 0.02, P = 0.01), and the duration of D-Dimer normalization was significantly shorter ((17.9 ± 7.7) days vs. (24.1 ± 5.1) days and (26.3 ± 6.2) d, P = 0.03, P < 0.01) in group 1 than in group 2 and 3. There was one recurrent deep-vein thrombosis in group 3, one non-major bleeding in group 1 and group 3. Major bleeding or liver and kidney dysfunction were not observed in these patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Venous thromboembolism can be safely and effectively treated by rivaroxaban, and does of 15 mg twice daily for 21 days followed by 20 mg once daily for 3 months are superior to the other 2 tested therapy regimen in this patient cohort.</p>

"Practice and exploration on ""organ-systems-based curriculum"" reform of cardiovascular sys-tem" / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Chongqing Medical University selected some five-year clinical medical undergradu-ates to set up the pilot class which was called 'clinician excellent class' and implemented the 'organ-systems-based curriculum' (OSBC) integration teaching reform on them. The OSBC teaching of the cardiovascular system breaks the traditional pattern, and carries on the comprehensive reorganization to the curriculum contents and the teaching personnel, and emphasizes the collective preparation, the new teaching method and the reasonable evaluation system. Although OSBC teaching of the cardiovas-cular system has made some achievements, but there are still many deficiencies need to reflect on and improve.

Reform and practice of medical postgraduate curriculum system / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Curriculum study is a major phase for medical postgraduate education,however,the patterns of the curriculum system are not uniform among domestic medical colleges,not to mention the uniformed patterns for scientific degree and professional degree.Hence,our school has reformed the curriculum system to set up different curriculum systems for both scientific degree and professional degree according to their different educational goals in an aim to improve the quality of education.